The Effects of Language Extinction on Cultural Identity in Third World Countries - Free Essay Example

Language extinction has grown immensely in third world countries recently, stripping many from their cultures. Some see language extinction as a positive effect because narrowing down the number of languages can lead to easier communication between people. Others see it as a negative effect because the growth of language extinction means the increase of dying cultures. There are some that think of language extinction as neither beneficial nor harmful and think there should be a greater focus on the other problems surrounding third world countries. Language extinction may not be the biggest issue in these countries, but should still be focused on, and resolved through the preservation of endangered languages, due to the death of people’s cultural identities, traditions, and morals. The term â€Å"third world country,† also known as a â€Å"developing country,† is a country that is in need of becoming more advanced or modern economically and socially, for example, some of the countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. Third world countries face many problems like poverty, starvation, hazardous water sources, high death rates, corrupt governments, inadequate education, and poor sanitary conditions. These issues in developing countries overshadow the issue of language extinction, with language extinction just now being paid attention to in recent years. Languages are often looked at serving valuable references of group belongings that allow people of different ethnicities or nationalities to know what group they belong to, and what similar heritage they may share (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). Extinction or loss of a language is not only looked at as one less way to say â€Å"hello,† but is also looked at a s the death or loss of a culture (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). Languages are utilized like tools for comprehension of people’s realities, a person’s language influences the way they perceive the atmosphere around them, their beliefs, their actions, their speech or diction, and their behavior in social situations (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). Due to the lack of light shined on the issue of language extinction there is now a growing fear of alteration or abandonment to one’s native tongue indicating a possibility of their language not surviving till the twenty-second century (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). â€Å"It is estimated that only ten percent of the present languages in the world will survive† (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). The article â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’† comes from a non-profit organization, Cultural Survival, the organization works to keep the vast amount of cultures alive. Many languages are endangered, in danger or at risk of becoming extinct; ninety percent of languages are predicted to vanish with this generation (Abrams and Strogatz). Daniel M. Abrams one of two of the authors of â€Å"Linguistics: Modelling the Dynamics of Language Death,† is a professor; the other author Steven H. Strogatz has attended man y refined colleges such as Princeton, Cambridge, and Harvard. Languages are representations of people’s cultures and ethnic classification ’s that are being stripped away with the increase in the number of languages disappearing or vanishing sooner than one may think. The Earth’s population is continuously growing with third world countries making up the majority of the population and first world countries, like the United States and small parts of Europe, making up the minority. â€Å"The Earth’s population of seven billion people speaks roughly 7,000 languages;† comparing the number of languages to the population amount there should be about one million people speaking each language (Rymer). With the accelerated deterioration of the many languages in the world, many are referring to it as a â€Å"linguistic genocide† (Wolfin). Adrian Wolfin, the author of the article â€Å"Falling Silent,† has written articles for the organization and magazine New Internationalist. â€Å"Seventy- Eight percent of the world’s population speaks the eighty-five largest languages, while the 3,500 smallest languages share a mere eight and one-fourth of a million speakers† (Rymer). In the next one hundred years linguist s, a person who studies languages, believe approximately half of the Earth’s amount of languages have a possibility of vanishing or becoming extinct (Rymer). â€Å"More than one thousand languages are listed as critically or severely endangered;† with one language statistically becoming extinct every fourteen days. (Rymer). Languages that are spoken in remote or abandoned places, like many areas in third world countries, are now not being protected by any national borders or natural barriers from the dominating languages, like English, in control of world communication and trade (Rymer). The article â€Å"Vanishing Voices,† written by Russ Rymer, was published in a widely popular magazine National Geographic. Smaller or minuscule languages are being dominated by the more known or popular languages for ease of communication and business matters between countries causing many smaller spoken languages to disappear or become extinct stripping people from what should be their native tongue. The cause for many languages being abandoned is due to multiple factors, from parents not teaching the language to their children, smaller languages being dominated by larger languages, or genocide, mass murder of a particular group of people. Many parents in tribal settlements or communities, like those found in m any third world countries, commonly are found not teaching their children their native tongue, what is supposed to be their first language, but are instead teaching languages that are said to provide improved education and achievements (Rymer). Often parents that speak smaller languages do not find the need to teach their language to their child since it is considered uncommon; they view communicating the small language not convenient or unbeneficial to their child’s future (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). Many people believe abandoning their native tongue will be beneficial to them economically; the reason for this belief is due to the media mainly showing more popular languages causing people who speak smaller languages to feel isolated (Ostler). Because of the isolating feel, people will abandon their native tongue and the many traditions that come with the language to learn the more â€Å"beneficial† language for them (Ostler). Commonly the younger generation loses interest in the smaller language and older generations lose hope trying to keep the language alive due to the disrespect they have undergone for living with a small language (Ostler). Nicholas Ostler, the author of the art icle â€Å"Endangered Languages-Lost Worlds,† is a linguist, a person who studies languages, making him knowledgeable about languages and diction. Sometimes genocide is the cause for language extinction, if a population that speaks a certain language is suddenly murdered so is their language, traditions, and culture (Woodbury). â€Å"Often a community is pressured to give up its language, and even ethnic and cultural identity† (Woodbury). In some places, it is prohibited by law and people are punished for writing or teaching their language causing many languages to become extinct (Woodbury). Anthony C. Woodbury, the author of â€Å"What Is an Endangered Language?,† is a linguist and a member of the organization â€Å"Linguistic Society of America.† â€Å"Languages evolve, flourish, and disappear through history†¦ modern commerce and communications are assimilating thousands of once remote societies and their language into one global culture (Hayden). Thomas Hayden, the author of the article â€Å"Losing Our Voices,† is a journalist and a director at Stanford University. Each cause of language extinction is linked to the reason for the loss of many diverse cultures and traditions. Despite language extinction affecting cultures and traditions it also affects science and knowledge. The loss of a language means information loss which can create instability in an ethnic group; culture is the fo undation of stability or the feeling of security, and when a language becomes extinct it creates isolation, discouragement, and irritation (Hayden). When a language becomes extinct not only is culture and traditions lost but â€Å"many fields of science from evolutionary biology and anthropology to ecology and neuroscience will be impoverished† (Cookson). Each language that becomes extinct and is not documented or recorded leaves a tremendous gap in people’s knowledge or comprehension of some of the complicated anatomy the human mind is possible of conceiving (Cookson). Scientists hope to document languages before they become extinct to hopefully preserve the minimum of a small portion of its culture and scientific inheritance (Cookson). Any language that becomes extinct is considered a loss to science, however, some languages that are considered rarer are more valuable than others (Cookson). Clive Cookson, the author of Linguists Speak Out for the Dying Tongues: LANGUAGE: Scientists are Engaged in a Race Against Time to Research and Catalogue the Worlds Disappearing Dialects, Writes Clive Cookson:: [LONDON 1ST EDITION], is an editor and journalist for Financial Times and studies many fields of sciences. As language extinction increases linguists are now trying to categorize and decide the most valuable languages to preserve ba sed on the amount of useful information they have to offer and what insights are being lost (Rymer). Many linguists are attempting to learn as much as they possibly can about the endangered languages before they become extinct so not all beneficial knowledge is lost when the language vanishes (Woodbury). Language loss not only means the loss of a culture, which is already horrid enough itself, it also means the loss of valuable knowledge and science. There are many potential solutions to solving language extinction, and if the solutions were followed through it could mean the preservation of many diverse cultures and valuable knowledge. A possible solution to language extinction could be enforcing policies, improving education, and advertising to make the endangered languages more known (Abrams and Strogatz). The increasing number of conferences, workshops, and publications are now offering more support for people, schools, and communities that are attempting to preserve smaller or endangered languages (Woodbury). Many researchers are also trying to preserve endangered languages, so valuable knowledge is not lost, by making â€Å"videotapes, audiotapes, and written records of language use in both formal and informal settings, along with translations† (Woodbury). Many linguists are also working with communities that wish to preserve their language by offering â€Å"technical and practical help with language teaching, maintenance, and revival† and are also writing many dictionaries and grammars of the endangered languages (Woodbury). Many linguists are encouraging people to become multilingual, a person fluent of multiple languages, or at least bilingual, a person fluent in two languages, to maintain their native tongue while learning an international language (Cookson). There are also many organizations working to bring attention to language extinction and the need to record endangered languages (Pollak). Michael Pollack, the author of the article â€Å"World’s Dying Languages, Alive on the Web,† has had many of his articles published in the magazine The New York Times. It should be known that people do not have to give up their language or culture, just because it is uncommon, for a more popular dominating language. As seen in the Frida Kahlo painting â€Å"Self Portrait Between the Borderline of Mexico and the United States,† Mexico and the United States, two different cultures can collide without either having to give up their traditions or languages. Frida Kahlo, a Mexican, can still preserve her language and culture while adopting a language that may be known as more beneficial for her in the United States. However, some argue that there should be nothing done to preserve endangered languages because multiple languages can cause harder communication between people. People argue that society is lacking in change, of embracing multiple cultures, and should embrace a global culture for a faster development of economy (â€Å"‘Our Languages are Dying’†). Many languages can lead to uncontrollable people and unsteady governments; societies with many cultures are often hard to keep under control due to the diverse amount of morals and traditions (Ostler). Many think it would be much easier to abandon their smaller language and adopt a more international language to communicate with others easier and provide more economic benefits to themselves (Ostler). People also argue that languages have been disappearing for a long time and will continue to disappear, therefore there is no point in the preservation of the endangered languages (Ostler). Another argument is that third world countries need to focus on developing their country instead of trying to preserve a language or culture, however, without a person’s culture, there is no meaning to life. Despite people’s arguments for not preserving endangered languages, there is no denying that cultures and traditions are lost when a language dies. In conclusion, language extinction not only causes the death of cultures, traditions, and morals but also results in the loss of knowledge and science. Preserving endangered languages must be done to keep traditions and valuable or bene ficial knowledge alive for future generations. Many things can be done to preserve languages like specific schools that teach the endangered language, documenting the language, or teaching younger generations to become bilingual. Third world countries are already surrounded by multiple issues, there is no need for the increase of language extinction to become a bigger issue when it can be easily resolved. A person without their native tongue, or what is supposed to be their first language, are missing a huge chunk of their cultural identity.

Religious Revitalization Movement The First Great Awakening

Religious Revitalization Movement, The First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening, was a religious revitalization movement that came through the Atlantic region, and even more so in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, forever impacting American religion is widely known as the most important event for American religion during the eighteenth century. The First Great Awakening was inspired by an English Methodist known as George Whitefield along with other ministers, when many people in the rural areas rejected the Enlighted and rational religion that came from the Cosmopolitan pulpits and port cities. George Whitefield began this movement with speaking tours through the colonies (â€Å"The Great Awakening†). With my research I†¦show more content†¦It has been said by many that George Whitefield was able to turn the place of worship into a religious theater, with his energetic sermons. He was giving gruesome deceptions of hell, and was able to hook the people of all ages, race, and class. In 1741 Whitefield returned to England and had a tons of followers joining older churches or forming new (improved) churches (â€Å"U.s. A Narrative†). The Primary Source on the dangers of unconverted Ministry was a sermon preached by Gilbert Tennent’s, an American Presbyterian minister that participated in The Great Awakening where Tennent then met George Whitefield the two established they shared beliefs on the movement. Tennent Whitefield began traveling together, Tennent was able to introduce Whitefield to other ministers in the Middle Colonies to help make Whitefield’s preaching tour a major success. When Whitefield returned to England, Tennent held services for months in New England. 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Effects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Mental Health

Abstract Every year at least a million children are effected by divorce. Because the family is a developmental integral part of growing-up, parental divorce has shown to have negative short-term as well as long-term effects that often last into adulthood. Studies have highlighted the short and long-term impact, divorce has on children’s mental health. Anxiety, depression, and mental stress has been implicated as some of these far-reaching effects. Children of divorced parents are at increased risk of displaying a variety of behavior concerns compared to children living with happily married parents. Some of these problems include social misconduct, substance abuse, and unsafe sexual practices. Research shows that academic performance is†¦show more content†¦For the child, it can be disastrous. Full of uncertainty and emotional stress as their family is torn apart and their world is turned upside down. Children of all ages deal with this new reality in different ways, and as res earch shows, there are negative trends associated with divorce and the impact it has on the lives of the children entangled in the process. Three areas of continued study that have a marked effect in the children of divorced parents are mental health, behavior, and school work. Psychosocial development is hindered as the child deals with new stresses and a new lifestyle. As a result of the tremulous time and disruption in parenting, children often display maladjusted behavior problems that can spill over into their academic effort. Ongoing attention of these effects has spurred programs to address the concerns of divorce. Compared with children of married parents, children from divorced families are more likely to show signs of psychological maladjustment, have conduct problems and lower academic achievement, although early intervention and a strong support system can mitigate the impact. It is common understanding that divorce has serious impacts to a child’s mental health. Studies have shown that children who have experienced parental divorce have a higher risk of metal health issues like depression,

Companies and Partnership Law for Royal Charter - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompanies and Partnership Law for Royal Charter. Answer: According to section 5 of the Partnership Act 1958, persons conducting business with a view to earn profits shall be deemed to be in a partnership relation with each other. However, the relation between two members of a company that is registered under any Act or is formed in accordance to any Act or Royal charter or any patent letter, shall not be considered as partnership within the meaning of this Act. The following conduct of the parties give rise to partnership: there must be a valid agreement between the parties intending to enter into partnership relation; the partners must be equally empowered to monitor the transactions of the company and participate in the decision-making process of the partnership firm; the partners are empowered to bind the firm; the partners are bound by the acts on behalf of the firm; the partners are jointly liable for all the obligations and the debts of the firm incurred while the partner continues to be then partner of the firm; the partners cannot expel any other partner unless there is an agreement between the partners for the same; the partners provide complete information and render true accounts of the firm; the partners are accountable for making any profit without the consent of other partners; the partnership may dissolve by death or on bankruptcy; or when the partnership becomes unlawful or when the court dissolves the partnership; Therefore, as per the Partnership Act, the partners of a partnership firm aims at carrying on the business activities with a common objective to earn profits (Coffee et al. 2015). The partners of a partnership firm must have mutual trusts among them and act in a manner that is not detrimental to the partnership. They are under statutory obligations to carry on the transactions of the firm in lawful manner and render true accounts to the other partners of the partnership firm. If any partner is involved in any form of misconduct o illegal activities, the remaining partners may initiate legal action against such partner or in case, any unlawful event takes place, the partners may dissolve the partnership or approach the court to dissolve the partnership firm. One of the significant advantage of a partnership firm is that every partner is responsible for conducting the transaction of the business and a sole individual is not responsible for every transaction as in sole proprietorship form of business. Legal principles There is no difference between a trading name and a business name and can be used interchangeably. The legal name of a business shall appear on every official documents and legal documents such as legal contracts, employment contracts, etc. the legal name of a sole trader is the very name of the trader himself. The other forms of legal names include name of an incorporated association or a proprietary limited company (Hoye et al. 2015). While starting a business, if a person wishes to operate a partnership firm or a sole trader or a trust, except a company, it is important to register the business name of under the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). In case the name of the business includes the name and surname of the person operating the business or that of his partner, it need not be registered under the ASIC. A business name is required to be registered under the ASIC only if the name is different from the legal name of the person starting up the business. However, the business name cannot be updated once it is registered under the ASIC even if updating the name signifies a minute change in it. In order to carry out the trade activities under a different name, it must be registered as a new business. The person wishing to update or change the business name may either cancel then existing name or keep the name prevailing for using it later for a different purpose (Lo 2017). Examples Shirley Price has a jeweler business named Shirley Price. Since the trading name includes her own name. it need not be registered. Joey Tribbiani operates a stationery business named Tribbs stationeries. Since the trading name does not include his own name, he must register the business name Tribbs stationeries. In the given scenario, Earl wishes to attach a business name to the Spectacular Pty Ltd and as a the name suggests, he is a sole trader, therefore, the name of the business has already been registered under the ASIC. In order to change the name from Spectacular Pty ltd to Spekkie Events, Eral would have to register the existing business as a new one and cancel the existing name Spectacular Pty Ltd. Evidence of research All the business registration is conducted under the ASIC through its website where Earl can obtain the Australian Business Number (ABN) and register the name online. The name of the business is decided and checks its availability on the ASIC website and register the business. Legal principles Every business organizations must follow standard procedures for the former employees. It is often observed that former employees tend to misuse the confidential information that they possessed while they were the employees of the former organization, which includes the list of the clients dealt with by the former organization (McQueen 2016). Under such circumstances, the employer of t former organization may either terminate the employee or bring a legal action against the wrongdoer and obtain reliefs by way of damages or obtain injunction order against the wrongdoer. The ASIC forbids any former employee to misuse any confidential information that the employee had access to while he was an employee of the former organization. It is contrary to the business code of conduct to misuse the confidential information of former organization for the benefit of the former employee. Relevant cases In Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne, Mr. Horne was a former employee of the motor company and was prohibited from soliciting the customers of the Gilford Company. However, he initiated a new company and solicited the customers of the company. The court considered it as a sham under the cloak of corporate veil and was liable for his misconduct. Evidence of Research In the given scenario, Earl left the Golden Lights Pty Ltd on 11 Dec, hence he was not supposed to steal eh customers list for his own benefits and is liable to legal action that may be brought against him by the employer of the Golden Lights Pty Ltd. This was further held in SAI Global Property Division Pty Ltd v Johnstone [2016] FCA 1333. Legal principles A company is said to have a separate legal identity, which is distinct from that of its members. In case of any breach arising out of the contracts, the company would be held liable for the same and not its members and this principle is known as the Veil of the Corporation. The principle states that there is a fictional veil between the company and its members (Wilson 2016). However, the court under certain circumstances may not consider this principle and hold the members of the company liable for any act conducted for misusing the corporation behind the veil. This is known as the lifting or piercing the corporate veil. Relevant cases In Salomon v Salomon and Co. Ltd [1897] AC 22, the principle of corporate veil was introduced where the company is said to have a separate legal entity, different from its members. In Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners, the court held that the principle of corporate veil must be applied cautiously. In case, the defendant had conducted inappropriately or exhibited any misconduct using the legal entity of the corporation, the court shall pierce the corporate veil and hold the individual personally liable for such misconduct. Research Evidence Therefore, in the given scenario, Earl stole the clients list from the Golden Lights Private Limited for its own benefit. He cannot hide behind the corporate veil. The court shall pierce the corporate veil as Earl has used the legal entity for improper purpose, which amounts to a sham and is liable to pay damages. ASIC regulates the markets, finance and corporate sectors of the country ensures that the financial markets are acting in compliance with the legal obligations to operate in a fair an orderly manner and maintain transparency in the markets (Wilson 2016). In case it receives reports relating to misconduct within the market it would conduct an initial assessment of such report to ensure whether there has been violation of the laws related to financial services. ASIC would respond within 28 days from the receipt of such report. In the given case, the ASIC would investigate about the sham caused by Earl by stealing the confidential clients lists from Golden Lights Pty Ltd for his own benefits. If the ASIC is of the opinion that there has been a clear misconduct and action should be taken, it would initiate any administrative, criminal or civil action against Earl in case of violation of the laws regulated by the ASIC. Reference List Asic.gov.au. (2017). How ASIC deals with reports of misconduct | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/contact-us/how-to-complain/how-asic-deals-with-reports-of-misconduct/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Coffee Jr, J.C., Sale, H. and Henderson, M.T., 2015. Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne Hoye, R., Smith, A.C., Nicholson, M. and Stewart, B., 2015. Sport management: principles and applications. Routledge. Littlewoods Mail Order Stores Ltd v Inland revenue Commissioners Lo, S.H., 2017. Piercing of the corporate veil for evasion of tort obligations. Common Law World Review, 46(1), pp.42-60. McQueen, R., 2016. A Social History of Company Law: Great Britain and the Australian Colonies 18541920. Routledge. Partnership Act 1958. SAI Global Property Division Pty Ltd v Johnstone [2016] FCA 1333. Salomon v Salomon and Co. Ltd [1897] AC 22 Wilson, G., 2016. The search for a principled approach to lifting the corporate veil: a Polanyian perspective to a Quixotic quest.

How to Make Sure Your AP English Literature Essay Is Suitable For Passing

How to Make Sure Your AP English Literature Essay Is Suitable For PassingYou've likely had to complete AP English Literature essays on your own before, and with no experience of grading essays. These kinds of exams are made more difficult when you don't have much information about what to look for or how to grade them. Fortunately, there are many resources available to help you learn how to properly grade essays.The first step is to look over the essay in question. You should read each paragraph thoroughly and then answer the prompts found in the margins of the page. (As an example, you might be given prompts such as 'is the character good or bad,' 'is the character sympathetic or repulsive,' etc.) These prompts give you specific guidelines for grading. Each one can serve as a guide for your particular essay.Next, take the time to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the essay. Do you see what type of theme you're working with? Are you writing about a negative or a positive situa tion? Looking at your essays as a whole will give you the tools you need to properly grade.It's best to use an essay-grading software program to grade your AP English Literature essay. This program will give you all the information you need to make a proper grade, including your difficulty level and the difficulty you expect for the reader. Once you've created a grading sheet for your AP English Literature essays, go back through the essay you just graded to be sure you haven't missed anything.If there is anything particularly hard to understand, ask yourself if there's anything in the difficult section that you could address in your essay. You might think it's really clear, but that doesn't mean you need to put it at the back of your essay.Finally, look for any mistakes that may be present in your essay. Try to pinpoint the parts of the essay that need more detail and the parts that need less.There are many resources online to help you learn how to properly grade your AP English Li terature essays. You'll find guidelines to help you create a well-written work, your own grading sheet, and tips to help you grade the essay.

Custom Papers for College Ideas

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A Few Good Health and Development Essay Topics For Your Online Write

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